On the other hand, that same coffee that was fueling the French Revolution was also being produced by African slaves who had been taken to Santo Domingo, which we now know as Haiti. It sort of creates egalitarian places - coffeehouses where people can come together - and so the French Revolution and the American Revolution were planned in coffeehouses. One of the ironies about coffee is it makes people think. It’s these contradictions of coffee history-its complicity in slave economies and the Enlightenment public square-that Mark Pendergrast takes on in his new book Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. It’s a drug that makes us thinky and chatty and sociable (I for one don’t speak a human language until I’ve had my first cup). But coffee has also inspired a longstanding social tradition that shows no signs of ever going out of fashion. And like many of these substances, it tends to be addictive. Like so many daily comestibles we completely take for granted- salt, sugar, and (far fewer of us) tobacco-coffee has a long and often brutal history.
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